After more than twenty years of intense and protracted civil war in Sudan, much have happened including the erosion of social and moral values. Of all the problems the war caused in South Sudan, the loss of social and moral values worried me the most. Such concern prompted me to write this opinion article hoping to generate public debate. Having myself witnessed and heard about the erosion of morality and ethnics and having seen their aftershocks, there is definitely an urgent need for ethical and moral revitalization to correct some of the social problems that are plaguing our communities and/or our young nation.
In
order for people to appreciate this theoretical proposition, it makes sense to
look at what led to the loss of social and moral values in the first place. I am aware of the fact that some people don’t
appreciate to be reminded of Sudan unpleasant past. However, for the sake of readers
who never experienced and/or knew anything about civil war in Sudan, I am left
with no choice, but to hesitantly regurgitate these disheartening facts and
statistics about the war. I said hesitantly because, as a metaphysician, I am
consciously aware of the ramification or psychological affects they might have
on those individuals who are still recovering from many years of war traumas
and/or from the loss of their loved ones. At the same time, as a citizen, I
have certain responsibilities such as promoting constructive dialogue about social
issues affecting our country.
For those who are
familiar with Sudan past, you may choose to skip the next two paragraphs if you
don’t want to resurrect those traumatic memories or events that befallen our societies
and people during the last war. And with your permission, allow me to provide a brief synopsis of conflict’s outcomes for
the sake of those who might find that helpful in analyzing and/or understanding
the argument that I am making in this opinion article.
First and
foremost, the statistics or accounts of what exactly happened as a result of
Sudan long civil war are incongruent. They varied depending on what person or
source one consulted. However, there is unanimity when it comes to the
magnitude or the nature of destruction and suffering. Therefore, the following statistics may be
contradicted by other sources that offered different accounts of this same
conflict. According to common statistics
available in the public domain about
Sudan civil war , over two and half million people are known to have died a war
related death e.g. from fighting, disease, and hunger. Over six million
civilians fled to neighboring countries. Millions of homes, farm animals and their
farms destroyed, grossly human rights violations committed against children and
women e.g. Women being raped, use of
child soldier, increased child abduction and child enslavement, extrajudicial
executions of civilians, disappearance and torture of civilians both sadly
endured by thousands if not millions of civilians as a result of the war.
These atrocities
resulted into two major destructions, institutional destructions of all forms
of governance both at the national and local levels. At the national level
particularly in South Sudan, war decimated important institutions like judiciary,
security apparatuses, economic infrastructures, and other social structures
that used to hold the country together. At a community level for example, war
robbed local peoples of most their most valuable possession, their dignity and
pride.
Across South Sudan, people and societies
experienced indignity of some forms e.g. people being forced to flee their ancestral
birth places to places they never dreamt or, seeing a family member being
killed or amputated in their sight, loss of farms and livestock to things like
seeing their wives and daughters being raped in their presence or just seeing
themselves humiliated by their fellow Southerners who they found refuge among
them. The collapse of governing
institutions coupled, with the decaying of social norms, customs, and social
expectations, and, being reinforced by inter-ethnic atrocities and countless
rights violations in my view caused serious socio-psychological damages to
communities. This resulted into decaying
of social values, and erosion of morality among the people of South Sudan, a
virtue that used to be stable as a cup of milk in every household among the
communities across the country.
When I look at problems like corruption, police
brutality, ethnic suspicion, and property thefts, breaking up of families, alcoholism,
homelessness, increased poverty, child abduction and cattle rustling that have
plagued some communities in most parts of South Sudan, the issue of ethics and
morality or their lack of it comes to mind. I wonder what life would look like in South
Sudan if our communities and/or people again accepted to live a life guided by
ethics and moral principles the way we used to live prior to start of the war. Well,
the only way we will ever know whether lack of morality has anything to do with
the above mention problems or not is if people and communities reclaimed and applied
ethical and moral principles in their daily lives. If the restoration of ethics
and morality led to civility and reduction in our social problems, then, we
have solved our problems. If not, then, we will be at liberty to propose
another theory or theories to explain our problems.
Certainly tribalism has been thrown around a
lot as one of the root causes of what wrong with South Sudan societies. Some
people blamed SPLM and its leaderships for having failed to deliver on its
promises while others still blamed Khartoum government for instigating
intertribal conflicts among others. I
have a muted view on these theoretical assumptions. While tribalism, lack of
leadership and Khartoum government may have a role to play, it is not
absolutely known how much of South Sudan problems are directly linked to tribalism
and leadership vacuum particularly when we are talking of social issues. It’s very
difficult to comprehend how Khartoum could be blamed for instigating cattle
rustling in Lake State. How would one blame SPLM for his or her hunger? The
point is, these problems required a multipronged approaches including
experimenting with ethics and moral principles.
Of course, these theoretical assumptions
deserved analysis, but not in this opinion article. I am interested in social
morality which is an area where less attention is being focused on. Theoretically, I argue that Sudan long civil
war is to be blamed and/or partially responsible for South Sudan social
problems or what I called moral decaying. It’s the past war that destroyed
governing institutions in South Sudan.
It’s certainly the war that led to decaying of social values and loss of
morality among our societies. Psychologically speaking, whether people are
talking of SPLM/A as an entity, national governing institutions (executive,
legislature, & judicial), states’ governments and local communities as well
as individuals, the war has morally corrupted everyone mind which explains why
immoral activities like property thefts, child abduction and cattle rustling
have increased among communities in South Sudan.
Of course people
may ask, how could one argue that the war traumatized people? What the evident? If you look at activities and/or behaviors of
soldiers (what they say to their conducts e.g. police brutality) who have fought
during the war. People would understand why I suggested that soldiers are
traumatized. In a nutshell, from they say and/or do, they think they are
operating with normalcy based on their own definition of what they used to
consider normal during the war. This is why the police, military and SPLM
leaders sometimes fail to understand why people question or criticize them.
Individuals’ civilians who witnessed and or
experienced countless rights violations of which some are mentioned above are
traumatized as well. Simply, we are not the same people who we were before we
left for the bush. I can attest to this
experience myself. I am not the same person who left Jonglei state 26 years
ago. Obviously, I am aged, may be more informed, but at the same time haunted
by traumatic memories of the last war. There are nights when I wake up to memories
of things I encountered in Fignudo and during my brief time in the guerilla
army as a child soldier serving in the foot
hills of Mountain Navolou, Muratika and
Kiala in the outskirt of Torit. Other times, I tend to question everything the
SPLM/A has done during the war, and then, there are days when I appreciated and
thankful that I went to the bush. I believe you too can attest to it as well if
you examine your bush-life and
would agree that we are equally victims
and we need not to blame each other because we share the same prognosis.
Instead, we spend
our energies and time blaming each other or playing the victim game; we should
focus our time and energies reflecting and thinking about our way forward. For
instance, we need to ask ourselves, how we can improve ethnic relationship. How
can we deal with the issue of cattle rustlings that are causing instability in
some states? How can we get back important social and moral values that have
worked so well in the past among our communities and societies? I believe asking simple questions like these
could further open other opportunities where individuals, communities, and societies
can examine their own sanities and more importantly, perhaps, this may provoke
a moral curiosity among people and/or communities.
Short of this, I don’t see any other viable
and/or feasible way to deal with social deficits and/or deviances that the war
propagated among people and/or societies of South Sudan. I don’t want to sound too pessimistic because
that would defeat the purpose of this article. I am optimistic and hopeful, as a proud and a dignified
people who fought side by side to liberate South Sudan. We have what it takes
to get through tough times. Having said
that, the struggle to reclaim our lost values is a big challenge; we need to be
resolute to face it. It’s a war that I believed can be won primarily by the
citizens not per se by government alone as some folks seemed to suggest and
requires dedication on the part of every citizen.
I am certain we
can win the moral war if we take some steps of which I have identified some of
my own. First, winning the moral war requires courage and tenacity from each of
us to recognize that ethics and morality do have place in building a civil,
peaceful and prosperous South Sudan. Currently, many people seemed to have lost
important social and moral values that are critical to building and maintaining
a civil society or a country. Furthermore, people and societies are still in
the state of denial while others are clung or surrendered to the past which
hindered them to look into the future. As a people and society, we need to find
courage to recognize and accept that we cannot change the past, but that we can
shape our future using our experiences with the war.
Simple recognition
like this could get people thinking to where each person looks inwardly to his
or her life to possibly figure out what went wrong in a society. By doing so,
people and individual communities can identify those values they lost during the war and as well as identifying how
those values can be reclaimed and retaught
to younger generation who are now the heirs of this young nation. My fellow
citizens, I want you to remember this; a moral and ethical minded person is irreplaceable.
No matter how much suffering and traumas the war caused us, we should not throw
away or lose our moral and ethical values for they are a base for building a stronger
society and/or country.
Second, South
Sudanese by virtue of their experiences with the war are all traumatized and
equally victims of the war. As a nation
and people, we need to recognize that unfortunate fact of war. I applauded President
Kiir and Vice President Machar for publicly acknowledged this reality. All
individual citizens, tribes, government officials both from national, state to
boma level have to accept that each of us is a psychological patient who doctor
is ourselves. In other words, we need to
stick together, rise or fall together because as a young country, our fate is
intricately bound together.
Third, there is a
need for moral fairness and respect to every South Sudanese, child, woman, man,
bigger tribes and smaller tribes alike. Currently, this is not the case; there
is a moral greed or a disheartening narrative with respect to how some
individuals or tribes presumptuously assumed themselves as more patriotic than
those of other tribes. This is morally wrong and it needs to die with the old
ways of thinking. Yes, you or your tribesmen might have suffered or experienced
the worst of the last war. But that doesn’t give you the bullying rights over
smaller tribes. Smaller tribes have contributed in their own ways possible and
relative to their numbers toward the liberation of South Sudan. The smaller tribes equally deserve respect and
dignified treatment, not more, and not less of what the presumptuous tribes enjoy.
If we all exercise moral fairness as equal citizens, we helped created common
identity and narrative that replaces the current ethnic enigma that falsely
sets our people against each other.
Fourth, as proud
citizens and communities, we should view laziness as a society or individual
moral failure that should be rejected. As I can remember, before the war
started, laziness was treated among many communities as a social failure that
comes with serious social consequences to those who don’t work hard to feed their
families. In some communities, lazy people were belittled, and were made the
talk of the village among their peers and even shaming dirges were composed to
purposely chastise those individuals who refused to work harder.
Unfortunately,
after the war, it has become apparent that laziness has become socially and
morally acceptable among some individuals and/or communities. Because of the
loss of morality and other decaying of social and cultural norms, some people or
communities now make their living by stealing or robbing other peoples’ properties
(e.g. cattle rustling and cunning people to give them money and stuff).
Obviously, you can’t build a prosperous nation this way. It’s pathetic for any able body to surrender
to laziness and/or continues to lead a
parasitic life of dependence that reproduces and cultivates a generational
poverty.
Yes, some people may find these words insulting,
condescending or too extreme. Don’t they? Never mind, truth sometimes hurts
when it’s told. Whether you share this
sentiment or not, it doesn’t change my opinion and it wouldn’t hurt me either,
because, I am just pointing out the obvious.
If we want to build a better South Sudan, then, we need to view laziness
and poverty as an enemy of the state which needs to be fought by every citizen
of the Republic of South Sudan wherever one might be living.
I don't expect
everyone to agree with me and never expected it anyway. We are entitled to our
opinion, provided it is respectfully presented. But, at least, Bible, an
inspired God’s words would agree with me. Genesis 2:15 said, "The Lord God took the man and put him
in the Garden of Eden to work it and keep it". Proverbs 12:11 said,
“Whoever works his land will have plenty of bread, but he who follows worthless
pursuits lacks sense.” Apostle Paul
encouraged work and he called it a rule.
2 Thessalonians 3:10 reads, “For even when we were with you, we gave you
this rule: The one who is unwilling to work shall not eat.”
Why wouldn’t you
do the work when God gave you the Garden of Eden to toil (South Sudan)? Isn’t that not what you spent twenty two
years fighting for? Why would you want to spend your precious hours playing
dominoes, table and board games and/or preying and/or saturating innocent young
girls’ minds with promises that you wouldn’t fulfill. That’s in itself is morally wrong. Don’t
people see it? Preying on innocent women
and playing board games are not the right ways to compensate yourself for the
troubles and sufferings you went through
during the war not to mention that it is wrong thing do before the same God
that you prayed to days and nights to give you
a nation of your own. Anyway, I leaved
that unto each of us to reflect upon and hope we all pull up our sleeves, and join
in the hard work of building a prosperous South Sudan.
In conclusion, we
should recognize that we are fighting two wars with the government tasked to
fight macroscopic war e.g. providing security, national defense, physical
infrastructures, education and health policies, interstate policies etc. On the other hand, there is a microscopic war
or what I called a moral war which is a kind of war that requires every citizen
to rise up, and tub into his or her moral strength and remained ever determined
to move this nation forward.
More importantly,
we need to mobilize whatever knowledge and experiences we have gained for
national glory. Let educate our people and our communities to embrace moral
obligations toward each other in a way that encourages all communities to
adhere to the highest standard of ethical and moral conducts in everyday
life. If we all reclaimed our loss
mores, norms, customs, communal ethical principles, and other values, we become
more dignified. Our people and communities can again begin to recognize evil in
things like child abduction, cattle rustling, laziness, and corruption,
cunningness, and properties thefts. What
an amazing story would that be for South Sudan to witness a complete return of
moral life?
Finally, as I said
earlier, the blaming game is not helping us in our collective efforts to fight problems
facing our country. We have done enough damage to each other and that didn’t
work to anybody advantage. Instead, we
need to extend our hands to each other with a message of peace, love and
forgiveness. For those who like to be
critics, nothing wrong with that. However, let be good skeptics and contrarians
who give any idea a due consideration regardless of where it originates from. Sometimes, the best solutions are found in
strange places and /or come from strange people. Therefore, whatever your
political and social persuasions are, listen to your conscience, practice moral
fairness, hard work, self-restraint, national patriotism and embrace
constructive dialogue. We can be certain that we can build a morally and a
prosperous South Sudan.
About the author: Phillip Manyok is a former Lost Boy of Sudan and a SPLA veteran himself. He holds PhD in Metaphysical Science from Institute of Metaphysical Humanistic Science, Master of Art International Relations and Conflict Resolution from American Public University, Bachelor and Master of Metaphysical Science from Institute of Metaphysical Humanistic Science, Bachelor of Science in Political Science from Southwest Baptist University, Associate of Arts from Penn Valley Community College and he is currently a 4th year PhD student studying conflict Analysis at Nova Southeastern University.
